Was Bruce Lee of English descent?

[Phantom Dreamer]

WAS BRUCE LEE OF ENGLISH DESCENT?

May 18 2016 | Charles Russo

In the spring of 1941, Lee Hoi Chuen and his wife Grace prepared to leave San Francisco with their four-month-old son to return to their home in Hong Kong. The couple had arrived to the U.S. seventeen months earlier on tour with the Cantonese Opera. Hoi Chuen was a well-known and very successful Chinese comedic actor of both stage and screen. His wife Grace, a beautiful woman of Eurasian ancestry, accompanied him on the trip as a wardrobe manager. Their new son Lee Jun Fan arrived in late November of 1940 in San Francisco’s Chinatown at the hour of the Dragon, in the Year of the Dragon. When an American name was needed for the newborn boy, the doctor suggested, “Bruce.”

Intent on keeping their son’s American citizenship in order, the couple carefully navigated all of the appropriate channels with U.S. Immigration before departing, including formal exit interviews. When Grace was asked by officials if both of her parents were full-bloodied Chinese, she answered: “My father is Chinese and my mother is English.”

A four-month-old Bruce Lee just prior to leaving his birth place of San Francisco to return to his family’s home in Hong Kong. Immigration documents pertaining to Bruce’s citizenship appear to provide evidence of his long-questioned quarter-European ancestry. (Document Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration in San Bruno, CA)

For many years now, fans have thought that Bruce Lee’s quarter European ancestry had been German through his maternal grandfather. Not only does the existing genealogical record yield zero evidence for this claim, but testimony by his mother contained in family immigration documents within the U.S. National Archives clearly states otherwise.

Bruce’s mixed heritage was a notable factor in his life, and likely played a key role in shaping his progressive worldview on race. During his youth, Bruce faced incidents of derision and exclusion on account of not being 100 percent Chinese. As a teen, he was banned from formal instruction with Hong Kong Wing Chun kung fu master Ip Man after classmates cited Bruce’s Eurasian ancestry as being outside the bounds of acceptable Chinese martial arts custom.

However, the exact particulars of his racial makeup have remained ambiguous in the 40 years since his death. Part of this uncertainty lies in the elaborate—and at times labyrinth-like—family tree on his mother’s side. It is also likely due in part to Bruce’s lack of a proper biographer over the years, unusual for someone of his immense caliber of global fame. Of the very many books that have been written on him, possibly the most commonly touted biography is Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit by Bruce Thomas (Blue Snake Books 1994). Thomas (who, incidentally, is perhaps better known as Elvis Costello’s bass player) states that Bruce’s mom “was the daughter of a Chinese mother and a German father.” Both relatives and researchers that are close to Bruce’s maternal Hong Kong family know that this is wrong, but still this idea persists.

Bruce Lee’s father Lee Hoi Chuen was a highly successful Hong Kong actor. During the heyday of Chinatowns in the U.S., the largest Chinese opera houses would import talent from China for limited theatrical tours of America. Hoi Chuen had been brought to the U.S. under this kind of arrangement in the autumn of 1939. At the time of Bruce’s birth in San Francisco in November of 1940, Hoi Chuen was completing a theatrical run in New York City. (Document Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration in San Bruno, CA)

In recent years, Bruce’s immediate family have stated his mother’s European ancestry more generally as “Caucasian,”—such as in the 2012 documentary I Am Bruce Lee—which is probably the safest and most accurate way to characterize it in light of the uncertainty that exists.

Even still, there is a lot that can be gleaned from the information that is available, and while it is far from conclusive, the best existing evidence does indeed point towards an English ancestry.

If you would like to get a sense for the maternal side of Bruce Lee’s family, a great place to start is with a book by Bruce’s distant cousin Eric Peter Ho, titledTracing My Children’s Lineage (University of Hong Kong, 2010). While many people take on a family tree projects, few of them are likely to produce a nearly 400-page book published by a university press. Through his mother Grace, Bruce was a descendent of the large and ethnically diverse Ho-Tung Bosman clan, a highly influential and prestigious Hong Kong family. In this sense, Bruce’s maternal family falls into a Kennedy or Rockefeller kind of territory. This is evident in not only the impressive power player biographies of the family members that are profiled in Eric’s book, but also in just how little attention is given to Bruce. Despite the extensive and detail-oriented research that is presented in this volume, the family’s relationship to Bruce Lee—a global icon who has statues in his image on four different continents—is mentioned only once, as a sort of bemused side note.

In 2010, Bruce Lee’s distant cousin Eric Peter Ho published the book Tracing My Children’s Lineage which analyzed the Ho-Tung Bosman clan’s family tree in great detail. The book’s back cover image, right, shows Bruce Lee’s great uncle Robert Ho Tung walking with Queen Mary at the British Empire Exhibition in 1924.

Turn the book over and the back cover has an image of Sir Robert Ho Tung—Bruce’s great uncle—walking with (and seemingly giving counsel to) Mary, the Queen of England, at the British Empire Exhibition in 1924. On one hand, Robert was a highly successful businessman and noted philanthropist, someone akin to Hong Kong’s version of Andrew Carnegie. At 35, he was the richest man in Hong Kong, and would be successful in a variety of lucrative ventures throughout his lifetime. However, Robert was more than just a savvy businessman, but also a notable player in regional politics, such as his funding of Sun Yat-sen’s revolution to overthrow the last Imperial dynasty in China. Years later, as Japanese aggression loomed in the run-up to World War II, Robert traveled throughout China in an effort to maintain the fledgling Chinese Republic. Not only did he meet with Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai Shek, but he traveled to distant areas to meet with regional warlords and advocate (in vain) for unity.

Robert’s parents were Charles Maurice Bosman, a Dutch entrepreneur and Lady Tze, a Chinese woman who had literally been “sold down the river” in Shanghai as a teenage girl. (Her family was in the silk business and had used her as capital to solve debt problems after a blight killed their mulberry trees.) If Bruce Lee had been the grandson of Robert, there would be little speculation of his ancestry. But Bruce’s grandfather—Robert’s brother Ho Kom-tong—was the curveball within this particular generation of the Ho-Tung Bosman Clan.

Bruce Lee’s maternal grandfather, Ho Kom-tong, left, alongside Bruce’s great uncle Robert Ho Tung. Ho Kom’s distinguished Chinese features have always caused questions about his paternity.

There is a telling photo of Robert and Ho Kom seated next to each other in their later years, which is fascinating for how completely different they look from one another. This has long caused speculation over Ho Kom-tong’s true paternity, and due to the corresponding dates in which Charles Bosman was away from Hong Kong around his birth, it is suspected that he was the offspring of an affair that Lady Tze had in that time period. As a result, it is widely accepted that Ho Kom-tong was 100% Chinese.

To make matters even more interesting, Ho Kom-tong had 29 children between one wife and 13 concubines. His section of the genealogical map isn’t so much a family tree, as it is a sprawling vine, which runs exceedingly horizontal until it gets to Bruce Lee’s mother, Grace Ho Oi-yee

Grace Ho Oi-yee was a member of the prestigious and multi-ethnic Ho-Tung Bosman clan of Hong Kong. A family historian refers to her as the “final piece of the colorful jigsaw” of her father’s lineage. (Document Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration in San Bruno, CA)

In his book, Eric Peter Ho deems Bruce Lee’s mother to be “the final piece of the colorful jigsaw of Ho Kom-tong’s family,” citing her as the offspring of Ho Kom-tong’s mistress in Shanghai, believed to be a Eurasian woman named Cheung King-sin. For unknown reasons, Grace was raised in Hong Kong with her aunt Clara Ho Tung (Robert’s wife). At the age of 18, Grace became smitten with Hoi Chuen from her orchestra seat at the opera, and eloped with him much to the dismay of her family.

Twelve years later she was in San Francisco giving testimony to her background and preparing to bring her son, a four-month-old Bruce Lee, home to grow up in Hong Kong.

There’s an additional twist to Grace’s background, which ultimately may help to clarify matters more than obscure them:  she is believed to have been adopted. This information surfaced recently from Cheung’s grandson, and would help to explain why Grace herself also looked so different from her other siblings, as well as why she stated that her mother was full-blooded English as opposed to the Eurasian makeup of Cheung.

Excerpts from Grace’s exit interview in which she clearly states that her mother was English and had no Chinese blood. (Document Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration in San Bruno, CA)

Furthermore, a close reading of Bruce’s 1941 immigration documents suggests that Grace did in fact know the identity of her real mother. When asked more questions by immigration officials about her parents, Grace states specifically that her mother had no Chinese blood and that she had passed away seven years earlier in Shanghai. In terms of both timeline and locations, this makes clear that Grace is not referring to either Cheung or her childhood caretaker Clara Ho Tung, and that the “Shanghai mistress” was most likely a full-blooded English woman.

Still, there is a point of historical circumstances that needs consideration: Was Grace lying to U.S. Immigration officials in light of the looming wartime atmosphere of 1941? Even as America would not officially declare war against the Axis powers for another eight months, were tensions already high enough that Grace would be hesitant to state certain family origins, such as German?

Noted Chinese-American historian Philip P. Choy is dismissive of this scenario: “I do not think it would have been an issue at that point in time. The general population was not that politically conscious yet in the spring of 1941. These types of interviews were serious business, and there was deliberate entrapment by the Immigration Department to deny the Chinese from immigrating.”

Bruce Lee, bottom row second from left, pictured with other presenters during Ed Parker’s inaugural Long Beach International Karate Tournament in August of 1964. In America, Bruce did not hesitate to take on students of any ethnicity, contrary to the the staunchly insular Chinese martial arts etiquette that had discriminated against him in his teen years. His first student in Seattle was Jesse Glover, a local African American of blue collar origins. In fact, Bruce’s Seattle classes became so racially diverse that the group often joked that their makeup was akin to the United Nations. (Photo courtesy of Darlene Parker)

Choy raises an interesting point for consideration with this latter sentiment, citing the Immigration Department’s inclination for intentionally aiming to trip up citizenship candidates during these interviews. In this sense, it should be remembered that Grace’s testimony had been given in the company of lawyers to government officials with a reputation for pouncing on any kind of discrepancy. If Grace had been found to be misrepresenting any aspect of her background, it would have been reason to disqualify Bruce from his right to citizenship.

Of course, this kind of scenario should also be considered in the opposite direction, and may actually help to explain the inaccuracy of the family’s supposed German origins. If there was a misdirection to be played out by Grace, it was probably more likely in the face of the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong as it was within the bureaucracy of the U.S. government.

Hoi Chuen and Grace had arrived home during World War II amid the tumultuous atmosphere of the Pacific theater, where the Japanese invasion of mainland China in the summer of 1937 instituted a brutal campaign against the civilian population and quickly sent waves of refugees into the British colony. On December 7, 1941, Japanese forces toppled Hong Kong with little resistance during the same offensive that simultaneously launched an attack on the American fleet in Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor. The occupation that followed lasted until the summer of 1945 and involved widespread food shortages, loss of public utilities, and the general disruption of day-to-day society.

The Lee family weathered this period at their home on Nathan Road in the Kowloon section of Hong Kong, with a Japanese military encampment directly across from them. Is it possible that within this tense scenario, Grace’s European origins were stated to be “German” so as to avoid any harassment from Japanese soldiers?

Just as Bruce would one day empower an entire generation of people to embrace their racial origins, so too was he enabled by the example of his own family. The maternal side of his family provided him with unique role models who were wealthy, powerful and highly influential individuals of mixed-race descent.  

Bruce Lee in Oakland just prior to his days in Hollywood. Bruce’s Oakland classes would also be highly racially integrated. More notably perhaps, Bruce was believed to have faced down Wong Jack Man in their legendary Oakland showdown in defense of his right to teach martial arts to non-Chinese students. (Photo courtesy of Barney Scollan)

When it comes to clearing up the particulars of his European descent, hopefully one of the new Bruce Lee biographies in the works (most notably, one byAmerican Shaolin author Matthew Polly via Penguin Books) may finally confirm the matter in conclusive terms. For now, the best evidence available unexpectedly though firmly points in the direction of Great Britain.

Yet Bruce was especially unique in that he managed to be outwardly proud of his own heritage while also transcending the issue of race altogether. Look through many of the pictures of him shared by fans on social media, and you’ll eventually find this exchange – “’INTERVIEWER: Do you think of yourself as Chinese or North American?’ BRUCE LEE: ‘I think of myself as a human being, because under the sky, we are but one family, it just so happens that people are different."

http://m.fightland.vice.com/blog/was-bruce-lee-of-english-descent

[Phantom Dreamer]

We can put an end to the narrative that "Bruce Lee was 1/4 German or the generic 1/4 Caucasian". He was a quarter British.

[reason108]

Interesting!

[sifu iron perm]

ahoy there!!

 

[Phantom Dreamer]

That interview with Grace and Robert Lee on that Geraldo Rivera show was the first time I heard Bruce's half British mother speak. She spoke better English than Bruce!

[De Ming Li]

That's Robert Lee on the left right? You wouldn't think he's a quarter English by his look!

[Phantom Dreamer]

Charles Russo, the guy who wrote the article in the original post was a guest on Shannon Lee's podcast recently. I haven't heard it. I wonder if Bruce's ethnicity was discussed or not. 

[OpiumKungFuCracker]

No!!

[Asmo]

10 hours ago, De Ming Li said:

That's Robert Lee on the left right? You wouldn't think he's a quarter English by his look!

Every time I've seen Robert (interviews and such), he never looked Eurasian. But maybe being a quarter, it's less pronounced.

[Phantom Dreamer]

16 hours ago, OpiumKungFuCracker said:

No!!

Well, so much for journalistic integrity. That's disappointing but not surprising in the least 

[Phantom Dreamer]

The fact that Bruce Lee was a quarter English is just one of many reasons why none of the actors that have portrayed him over the few years, in various projects, looked like him, even remotely.

[Fist of the Heavenly Sky]

I used to be acquainted with someone who insisted in his life that Bruce Lee had partial Swedish ancestry. Hardly the case now that the mystery has unraveled, but it would be amusing if Bruce and Dolph Lundgren turned out to be distant cousins.

Quote

The fact that Bruce Lee was a quarter English is just one of many reasons why none of the actors that have portrayed him over the few years, in various projects, looked like him, even remotely.

It kind of funny that many of the Bruceploitation folks were far from being fully Chinese. Ho Chung Tao had some partial Japanese ancestry going for him, and Bruce Le (Aka Huang Jian Long) was born in Burma and his mother was Burmese. That goes without mentioning all of those Korean folks who just so happened to be the goofiest looking knockoffs of the Little Dragon. @Phantom Dreamer

[De Ming Li]

Interesting about Ho Chung Tao, which of his ancestors was Japanese? 

[Fist of the Heavenly Sky]

8 hours ago, De Ming Li said:

Interesting about Ho Chung Tao, which of his ancestors was Japanese? 

I seem to recall reading about him having a Japanese grandparent on his Wikipedia page. While it's no longer there, such ancestry isn't exactly uncommon in Taiwan. There should be an interview somewhere that goes into detail about his personal history, no?

[De Ming Li]

I will search through the Chinese web for information, him being my favourite Bruceploitation actor I try to gather as much info on him as possible. You're right about the Taiwan/Japan connection, Taiwan was ruled by Japan for 50 years from the end of the 19th century till the end of WW2 so perhaps a not too insubstantial number of "original" Taiwanese (descendants of those who migrated from mainly Fujian Province to Taiwan from the late 17th century onwards) have a Japanese ancestor somewhere in their lineage. The other factor is that after the defeat of the Nationalists on mainland China in 1949 their group fled to Taiwan and a whole new wave of mainlanders from different parts of China came to the island. Ho Chung Tao was born in 1950 so it's uncertain if he actually belongs to the initial wave or the second post-1949 wave of immigrants. The latter group I'd assume would have almost little or no Japanese ancestry (at least at the time of their entry into Taiwan).

[Fist of the Heavenly Sky]

10 minutes ago, De Ming Li said:

I will search through the Chinese web for information, him being my favourite Bruceploitation actor I try to gather as much info on him as possible. You're right about the Taiwan/Japan connection, Taiwan was ruled by Japan for 50 years from the end of the 19th century till the end of WW2 so perhaps a not too insubstantial number of "original" Taiwanese (descendants of those who migrated from mainly Fujian Province to Taiwan from the late 17th century onwards) have a Japanese ancestor somewhere in their lineage. The other factor is that after the defeat of the Nationalists on mainland China in 1949 their group fled to Taiwan and a whole new wave of mainlanders from different parts of China came to the island. Ho Chung Tao was born in 1950 so it's uncertain if he actually belongs to the initial wave or the second post-1949 wave of immigrants. The latter group I'd assume would have almost little or no Japanese ancestry (at least at the time of their entry into Taiwan).

Keep us updated about your findings! And indeed, it's rather diffucult to come across a Taiwanese person who doesn't have one or more Japanese ancestors dating back to the very late 19th century, not to mention that informal influx of people between both nations continued even after WW2. As for the latter group you mentioned, it would depend from which exact regions of China the post-1949 waves hailed from. Yeah, I'm getting too ahead of myself, LOL.

[Fist of the Heavenly Sky]

Anyway, and at least from my personal view, Ho Chung Tao never came off to me as "fully" Chinese, whichever that definition might be. Considering how he's the closest to having similar looks to the Little Dragon, no doubt that a slightly unusual but not out-of-place romance in Mr. Chung Tao's family tree took place.

[Fist of the Heavenly Sky]

@De Ming Li What info did you uncover so far? Post your findings.

[Phantom Dreamer]

Actually, that would probably be Bruce Lee's maternal grandfather.

[Phantom Dreamer]

Grace Lee, the half British mother of Bruce Lee, over the years.

[Phantom Dreamer]

Bruce Lee: Finding Your Roots

[Phantom Dreamer]

Charles Russo Bruce Lee book. Russo is the writer who confirmed that Bruce Lee's maternal grandmother was a British woman making his mother Grace Lee half English and Bruce Lee and his biological siblings Agnes, Peter and Robert 1/4 or a quarter British.

[Phantom Dreamer]

1 in 12 people in Great Britain are Catholic. I believe Bruce's mother and maternal grandmother were Catholic.

[Phantom Dreamer]

Bruce Lee, part Jewish?

 

[Phantom Dreamer]

You may be surprised that Bruce Lee had English and Dutch-Jewish blood in him. I was.

That’s according to a review in The New York Times, citing a new biography of Hong Kong’s greatest kung fu star, by Matthew Polly.

But that makes sense. Though he was claimed by Chinese everywhere and Hongkongers in particular as one of their greatest sons, the many personal characteristics, whether from nature or nurture, that came to define Lee weren’t especially Chinese.

http://m.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2149436/bruce-lee-everyman-hero-globalised-age?amp=1